CHITSULO NDI CHIKUMBULUMIKIZO CHA MZINDA
- "Osauka, Osauka" Wolemba Victor Hugo
Kuponya ndi njira yopangira zinthu zomwe madzi nthawi zambiri amathiridwa mu nkhungu, yomwe ili ndi dzenje lokhala ndi mawonekedwe omwe mukufuna, kenako nkuloledwa kuti likhale lolimba. Gawo lolimba limadziwikanso kuti kuponya, komwe kumatulutsidwa kapena kusweka mu nkhungu kuti amalize ntchitoyi. M'mbiri yonse, kuponya zitsulo kwagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida, zida, ndi zinthu zachipembedzo. Mbiri ndi chitukuko cha kuponya zitsulo zimatha kutsatiridwa kubwerera ku Southern Asia (China, India, Pakistan, ndi zina zotero) ndi njira yakale ya zaka 7,000. Kuponya kwakukulu kwambiri komwe kwatsala ndi chule wamkuwa kuyambira 3200 BC.
Mu 1300BC, Sitima yapamadzi ya Simuwu Rectangle Cauldron ku China yolemera makilogalamu 875 imasonyeza luso lapamwamba lopangira zinthu ndi luso. Imeneyi ikuyimira kupambana kwakukulu kwa kupangira zinthu mu ufumu wa Shang (1600-1046 BC).
Mu 800 BC, lupanga lachitsulo lopangidwa ndi chogwirira cha Jade ndilo ntchito yoyambirira yopangidwa ndi chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo ku China, chomwe ndi chizindikiro cha kulowa kwa China mu Nyengo ya Chitsulo.
Cha m'ma 1400, migolo ya mfuti ndi zipolopolo zinali zinthu zoyamba zopangidwa ndi chitsulo ku Ulaya. Ukadaulo wopanga migolo unkagwirizana ndi kupanga loam pogwiritsa ntchito matemplate, omwe adapangidwa kale kuti apangidwe mkuwa m'Nthawi zapakati. Pambuyo pa ukadaulo wopanga loam womwe unkagwiritsidwa ntchito pachiyambi popanga zipolopolo motsatizana, kugwiritsa ntchito nkhungu yokhazikika yopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunuka kunayamba.
Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1400, zinthu monga mapaipi amadzi ndi mabelu zinapangidwa kuchokera ku chitsulo chosungunuka. Mapaipi amadzi akale kwambiri achitsulo chosungunuka anali a m'zaka za m'ma 1600 ndipo anaikidwa kuti agawire madzi m'minda yonse ya Chateau de Versailles mu 1664. Mapaipi amenewa ndi okwana makilomita 35, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kutalika kwa mita imodzi yokhala ndi malo olumikizirana. Kukalamba kwambiri kwa mapaipi awa kumawapangitsa kukhala ofunika kwambiri m'mbiri.
Makampani opanga mapaipi achitsulo ku China anayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, mothandizidwa kwambiri ndi bungwe la China Urban Water Supply Association, zomwe zinakula mofulumira.
Ndi chitukuko cha anthu ndi chuma, China ikudziwika ngati fakitale yapadziko lonse masiku ano, ndipo mtundu wa zinthu zopangidwa ku China wakwera kwambiri.
Masiku ano, dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lopanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi China ndi lomwe limapanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi China. Chiwerengero cha zinthu zopangidwa ndi China chafika pa matani opitilira 35.3 miliyoni mu 2019, zomwe zaposa United States kwa zaka zambiri ndipo zili pamwamba padziko lonse lapansi. Kutumiza zinthu zopangidwa ndi China chaka chilichonse kwafika pa matani pafupifupi 2.233 miliyoni, ndipo misika yayikulu yotumiza kunja ndi Europe, America, Japan ndi mayiko ena. Ndi mgwirizano wachuma wapadziko lonse komanso mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, kuti tikwaniritse zomwe zikuchitika tsopano, malo opangira zinthu padziko lonse lapansi akusamukira ku China, tili ndi zofunikira zapamwamba kwambiri pamtundu wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi China, kukonza kapangidwe ka zinthu zopangidwa ndi China, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi China, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndikuteteza chilengedwe, ndikupitilizabe kuyesetsa kukonza moyo wa anthu.
