WOSEWERA NDI CHIKUMBUMTIMA CHA MZINDA
-《The Wretched, The Miserable Ones》Wolemba Victor Hugo
Kuponyera ndi njira yopangira momwe zinthu zamadzimadzi zimatsanuliridwa mu nkhungu, yomwe imakhala ndi dzenje la mawonekedwe omwe amafunidwa, ndiyeno amaloledwa kulimba. Gawo lolimba limadziwikanso ngati kuponyera, komwe kumatulutsidwa kapena kuthyoledwa mu nkhungu kuti amalize ntchitoyi. Kuyambira kale, zitsulo zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida, zida, ndi zinthu zachipembedzo. Mbiri yoponya zitsulo ndi chitukuko chikhoza kubwereranso ku Southern Asia (China, India, Pakistan, etc) ndi ndondomeko ya zaka 7,000. Kuponyedwa kwakale kwambiri komwe kudalipo ndi chule wamkuwa wochokera ku 3200 BC.
1300BC, Simuwu Rectangle Cauldron ku China yolemera 875kgs imasonyeza luso lapamwamba la kuponyera ndi luso. Imayimira kupambana kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa Mzera wa Shang (1600-1046 BC).
800BC, Jade akugwira lupanga lachitsulo ndi ntchito yakale kwambiri yodziwika ku China, yomwe ndi chizindikiro cha kulowa kwa China mu Iron Age.
Cha m'ma 1400, migolo yamfuti ndi zipolopolo zinali zopangira zitsulo zoyamba ku Europe. Ukadaulo wopangira migoloyo umagwirizana ndi mapangidwe a loam pogwiritsa ntchito ma templates, opangidwa kale kuti apange mkuwa ku Middle Ages. Pambuyo pa luso lopanga loam lomwe linagwiritsidwa ntchito pachiyambi popanga zipolopolo, kugwiritsa ntchito nkhungu yokhazikika yopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunula.
Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1500 zinthu monga mipope yamadzi ndi mabelu zinapangidwa kuchokera ku chitsulo chosungunuka. Mapaipi akale kwambiri amadzi opangidwa ndi chitsulo kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1700 ndipo adayikidwa kuti azigawira madzi m'minda yonse ya Chateau de Versailles 1664. Izi zimakhala ndi chitoliro cha 35 km, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala cha 1 mita kutalika ndi mfundo zopindika. Zaka zazikulu za mipopezi zimawapangitsa kukhala ofunika kwambiri m'mbiri.
China kuponyedwa chitsulo chitoliro makampani anayamba mu 1990 oyambirira, ndi thandizo lamphamvu la China Urban Water Supply Association anayamba mofulumira.
Ndi chitukuko cha anthu ndi chuma, China ndi wotchuka monga fakitale padziko lonse lero, ndipo khalidwe la mankhwala opangidwa ku China wakhala bwino kwambiri.
Masiku ano, dziko la China lomwe limapanga mafilimu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kutulutsa kwa castings kwafika matani opitilira 35.3 miliyoni mu 2019, omwe amaposa United States kwa zaka zambiri ndipo ali woyamba padziko lapansi. China pachaka katundu wa castings wafika pafupifupi matani miliyoni 2.233, ndi misika yaikulu katundu ndi Europe, America, Japan ndi mayiko ena.Kuphatikizana kwachuma padziko lonse ndi kuyandikira kwambiri mgwirizano wapadziko lonse, kuti akwaniritse chizolowezi latsopano la dziko kupanga pakati kusamutsa ku China, tili ndi apamwamba ndi apamwamba amafuna kuti khalidwe ndi kalasi ya castings, kusintha kapangidwe ka zinthu zoponyera giredi, kuchepetsa kamangidwe ka zinthu zosawerengeka, kuteteza chilengedwe, kuyesetsa, kulimbikitsa chilengedwe, kulimbikitsa ndi kusunga mphamvu, kulimbikitsa chilengedwe, kulimbikitsa ndi kuteteza chilengedwe. kusintha kwa moyo wa munthu.
